Vivicorsi (Bruno). Présentation, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 3-4.
bilans et comptes rendus
Guinot (Brigitte). La psychologie clinique aux Entretiens : vers une pluralité des discours et des pratiques, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 5-10.
Madiot (Béatrice), Dargentas (Magda). La psychologie sociale et la psychologie du travail dans les DeuxiÚmes entretiens de la psychologie, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 11-16.
Ballouard (Christian). Les doigts dans la presse, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 17-20.
BarthĂ©lemy (AnaĂâs), Bousquet (Christian), Henry (Dominique), Ruiz (Lucette). Scolarisation des enfants handicapĂ©s : missions des psychologues de LâŠducation nationale, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 21-24.
réflexions
Perron (Roger). Le mystĂšre des origines, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome
60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 25-30.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ce systĂšme complexe quâÂest le psychisme, il semble que la meilleure mĂ©thode soit dâÂen rechercher les Ă©tapes de construction, et de montrer comment ces Ă©tapes sâenchaĂźnent historiquement. Cependant, cette dĂ©marche se heurte Ă une impasse : Ă remonter le temps, on dĂ©bouche nĂ©cessairement sur Lâinvocation dâÂun donnĂ© premier qui nâadmet plus aucune explication dâÂordre historique. La quĂȘte des origines est vivace, mais se heurte au mystĂšre : câÂest ce que signifient les mythes des origines prĂ©sents dans toutes les cultures. Ces mythes offrent une explication du monde et de Lâhomme selon les deux axes de Lâoriginel (en offrant une justification historique) et de Lâoriginaire (en disant ce quâÂest la nature de Lâhomme). Il en va de mĂȘme de nos thĂ©ories sur LâontogenĂšse du psychisme, ainsi que le montre bien Lâhistoire de Victor, le Sauvage de LâAveyron . Dans cette optique sont rĂ©examinĂ©s, briĂšvement, les postulats fondamentaux de nos thĂ©ories modernes sur les origines du psychisme, qui tentent de rendre compte de ce qui, lors des premiers processus dâÂindividuation, peut tout Ă la fois crĂ©er soi et le monde.
Title: The mystery of origins
Abstract : To understand how works this complex system of psychism, it seems that the best method is to look for its previous steps, and to show how these steps historically chain up. However, this approach stumbles over a dead end : when one goes back in the past, one necessarily come to a postulated first given, where no such explanation is available. The quest for origins is vivid, but runs into mystery : this appears in the myths of origins, present in all cultures. These myths offer an explanation of the world and of Man, along two axes : the originel (dated there, giving a historical explanation) and the originaire (highlighted on the nature of Man). The same appears in our theories about the ontogenesis of the psyche, as shown by the story of Victor, the Aveyron Wildman. From this point of view are briefly examined the basic assumptions of our modern theories about the origins of the psyche, whereby we try to understand the first individuation phases, when the world and the oneself should be both created.
Castro (Dana). Pratique de la psychologie clinique : paradoxes et perspectives, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 31-36.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Si la psychologie clinique, en tant que discipline, a pris ces derniĂšres annĂ©es un essor considĂ©rable, force est de constater que sur le terrain, les psychologues cliniciens rencontrent encore et toujours les mĂȘmes difficultĂ©s. DifficultĂ©s portant sur des problĂ©matiques identitaires en lien avec LâĂ©pineuse question des frontiĂšres avec dâÂautres professions partenaires. Pour analyser ce paradoxe, des pistes de rĂ©flexion sont avancĂ©es. La premiĂšre, dans une perspective individuelle dâÂintervention, sâattache Ă Ă©tudier le discours des psychologues sur leurs pratiques cliniques, discours qui favorise la logique de compĂ©tence et dâÂinterchangeabilitĂ© des rĂŽles professionnels. La deuxiĂšme, dans une perspective collective dâÂaction, tente de dĂ©montrer que le regroupement des psychologues en organisation professionnelle reprĂ©sentative, est une nĂ©cessitĂ© identitaire. LâĂ©volution du discours sur les pratiques cliniques ainsi que Lâorganisation des professionnels, reprĂ©sentent les deux facettes dâÂun mĂȘme processus, visant Lâautonomie de la profession et sa prise de pouvoir dans la sociĂ©tĂ©.
Title: The involvement of the clinical psychology : paradox as well perspective
Abstract : Although clinical psychology has tremendously increased its influence during the last decades, one need to acknowledge the phenomena, that, on their working field, clinical psychologists still meet several sets of difficulties. These problems are rooted in professional identity issues, linked to the thorny question of frontiers with other partner professions. This paper aims to analyze this paradox and to suggest some understanding paths. The first, will study, from an individual viewpoints, how psychologists view their own practice, defined only by the notion of skills and professional role interchangeability. The second, will try to demonstrate, from a collective point of view, that psychologistsâ rallying into a solid membership will contribute to strengthen their working identity. The evolution and improvement of the discourse on clinical involvement, as well as the efficient organization of professional psychologists are the two sides of the same process, which tends to gain the profession more autonomy and to its empowering in the society.
Cohen (Patrick). Nouveaux champs, nouvelles pratiques : quelle place pour les psychologues ?, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 37-42.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Il existe de nouveaux dĂ©bouchĂ©s pour les psychologues (dans les rĂ©seaux de santĂ©, dans le transport routier, en assistance lors dâÂobsĂšquesĂâ) mais aussi de nouvelles pratiques (psychologues dans la rue, Ă domicile, Ă la tĂ©lĂ©vision, sur Internet). Ajustement ou changement sensible, la demande sociale occasionne des rĂ©organisations qui induisent la crĂ©ation de rĂ©ponses psychologiques originales, voire surprenantes. Doit-on ralentir, modifier ou favoriser ce processus ? Cet article dĂ©montre, exemples Ă Lâappui, comment gĂ©rer ces Ă©volutions en matiĂšre de formation, tout en prĂ©cisant les limites et les dangers de ces transformations.
Title: New fields, new practices : what about the psychologist ?
Abstract : There are new opportunities for the psychologists (such as within the medical network, the traffic activities, the funeral assistanceĂâ) but also new practices (street psychologist, home psychologists, on TV, on Internet). Noticeable adjustment or change, the social demand is opportunity constructing that are leading to the creation of novel or even surprising psychological responses. Should we slow down, modify or encourage this process ? This article is demonstrating, through examples how to manage these evolutions in terms of training while defining the limits and risks of these changes.
Lhuilier (Dominique). Švolutions du monde du travail et pratiques psychologiques : soin ou dĂ©veloppement du pouvoir dâÂagir ?, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 43-48.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Les pratiques psychologiques dans le monde du travail ne peuvent ĂȘtre dĂ©finies seulement par les commandes sociales, elles-mĂȘmes façonnĂ©es par les transformations du travail et leurs incidences subjectives. Il nous faut penser, aussi, les cadres thĂ©oriques et Ă©thiques sur lesquels fonder ces interventions, les ressources Ă mobiliser pour les prĂ©server de leur instrumentalisation Ă des fins adaptatives et productivistes. Face aux dĂ©rives dâÂun psychologisme grandissant, qui accompagne la multiplication des dispositifs dâÂaccompagnement individuel, face aux Ă©preuves du travail, la clinique du travail ouvre des perspectives alternatives : la visĂ©e ici nâest pas celle dâÂune meilleure adaptation du sujet mais dâÂune extension du pouvoir dâÂagir des professionnels sur leur milieu de travail et sur eux-mĂȘmes.
Title: Evolutions of the world of work and psychological involvement : caring or development of the power to act ?
Abstract : Psychological involvement within the world of work canât be defined only by social commands, which are themselves shaped by work transformations and their subjective incidences. We also need to think about and explore the theoretical and ethical frames upon which these interventions can be based, the resources which need to be mobilized in order to protect them from being instrumentalized for adaptive and productivist purposes. In front of the drifts due to a growing psychologization which goes along with the multiplication of the individual coaching settings to deal with work tests, the clinical approach to work opens the way to alternate perspectives : here, the aim is not that of a better adaptation of the individual but an extension of the power to act from the professionals onto their work environment and themselves.
Combalbert (Nicolas), Andronikof (Anne). La place du diagnostic psychopathologique dans les expertises pénales, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 49-56.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Cet article sâintĂ©resse Ă la place du diagnostic psychopathologique dans Lâexpertise judiciaire. Nous prĂ©sentons une Ă©tude sur la frĂ©quence Ă laquelle les experts psychiatres et psychologues posent un diagnostic, structural ou nosographique, dans le cadre de Lâexpertise pĂ©nale. Cette Ă©tude comparative entre deux groupes dâÂexperts a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur des diagnostics, posĂ©s entre 1990 et 2003, en France, lors de Lâexpertise psychiatrique et psychologique de 505 sujets criminels incarcĂ©rĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats ont mis en Ă©vidence une trĂšs forte concordance entre experts au niveau de Lâabsence de diagnostic (structural et nosographique). dâÂun autre cĂŽtĂ©, certains types de diagnostics, frĂ©quemment posĂ©s, ne font pas Lâobjet de justifications ou discussions spĂ©cifiques. Ces rĂ©sultats permettent de sâinterroger sur les causes et les conditions dâÂapparition des accords ou dĂ©saccords entre experts, et de formuler des recommandations pour amĂ©liorer la cohĂ©rence de Lâexpertise des justiciables.
Title: Diagnostic assessment of forensic psychological and psychiatric reports
Abstract : The article addresses the question of the importance of diagnostic statements in forensic psychological and psychiatric reports. Diagnostic statements were differentiated in structural diagnosis (neurosis, psychosis, borderline) and nosographic diagnosis (DSM-IV style). Five hundred and five forensic files of criminal offenders independently examined by both a psychologist and a psychiatrist between 1990 and 2003 were correlated. Results indicate that a majority of them received neither diagnosis (structural and nosographic), or discussing and justifying it. Agreements and disagreements between experts are analyzed and recommendations are outlined for enhancing diagnostic coherence between assessors.
Coutou-Coumes (Françoise), Fontaine (Anne-Marie). La commission nationale consultative de dĂ©ontologie des psychologues. Bilan et perspectives dâÂavenir, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 57-62.
RĂ©sumĂ© : AprĂšs avoir prĂ©sentĂ© la Commission nationale consultative de dĂ©ontologie des psychologues ñ histoire, mission, fonctionnement ñ, les auteurs analysent son rĂŽle dâÂobservatoire privilĂ©giĂ© de la profession, Ă partir du bilan de ses huit premiĂšres annĂ©es de fonctionnement (1997-2005). Lâanalyse des demandes qui lui ont Ă©tĂ© adressĂ©es, par les psychologues et les non-psychologues, met en lumiĂšre les prĂ©occupations majeures des uns comme des autres : les premiers sâinterrogent surtout sur leur autonomie et la transmission de leur travail, les seconds sur la validitĂ© des Ă©crits et des pratiques des psychologues. Lâanalyse des articles du code de dĂ©ontologie, citĂ©s dans les 249 avis Ă©tudiĂ©s, pointe, Ă la fois, la richesse et les imperfections du code que les professionnels se sont maintenant appropriĂ©. Enfin, se tournant vers Lâavenir, les auteurs proposent des pistes de rĂ©flexion Ă Lâensemble des acteurs de la psychologie.
Title: Commission nationale consultative de déontologie des psychologues. Review and outlooks
Abstract : After a presentation of the French National Advisory Board in matters of deontology for the profession of psychologists (CNCDP), i.e. its history, mission and rules of functioning, the authors analyze the role of the CNCDP as a privileged observatory of the profession, based on its eight year experience (1997-2005). Analysis of the situations submitted by psychologists or their clients or colleagues show that psychologists are mainly preoccupied with questions about their autonomy and modes of communicating their remarks and conclusions whereas non psychologists question the validity of the reports and involvement of psychologists. Analysis of the articles of the Code of Deontology most frequently referred to in the 249 opinions produced point out both its relevance and its lacks. Finally, the authors present various suggestions for future discussion among all psychologists.
LĂ©tuvĂ© (Alain). DĂ©ontologie, reprĂ©sentation, organisation : jalons prospectifs pour (tenter de) sortir de la confusion des genres et de Lâ un-passe ordinale, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 63-70.
RĂ©sumĂ© : La constitution dâÂun ordre professionnel, avec pouvoirs disciplinaires, est avancĂ©e aujourdâÂhui comme solution adĂ©quate et nĂ©cessaire pour rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes majeurs de la discipline et de la profession : faiblesse de reprĂ©sentativitĂ©, Ă©chec de tout processus de regroupement, promotion dâÂune dĂ©ontologie opposable . AprĂšs LâĂ©valuation critique du degrĂ© de pertinence de cette proposition, comme rĂ©ponse Ă ces trois problĂ©matiques, Ă LâĂ©clairage de Lâexistant (rĂ©alitĂ© et finalitĂ©s des Ordres, clivages dans le champ de la disciplineĂâ), il est soutenu que cette solution, loin dâÂĂȘtre judicieuse, risque, au contraire, dâÂĂȘtre fort prĂ©judiciable : loin de rĂ©soudre les problĂšmes, elle risque, en les occultant, de produire un retour violent et imprĂ©visible. Il sâagit de sortir de la confusion des genres et, grĂące Ă la prise en compte de la rĂ©alitĂ© europĂ©enne, dâÂouvrir des pistes fertiles en matiĂšre de dispositifs dâÂautorĂ©gulation concernant le respect de la dĂ©ontologie, en congruence avec notre discipline.
Title: Deontology, representation, organization: prospective reference for striving (attempting to) from any kinds of misunderstanding and of the deadlocked orderliness
Abstract : The constitution of a professional order with disciplinary powers was highlighted today as adequate and necessary solution to solve the major problems of the discipline and the profession: weakness of representativeness, failure of all regrouping process, promotion of an adversial deontology. After the assessment critical of the degree of relevance of this proposition as answer at three findings, to the lighting of the existing (reality and finalities of the Orders, cleavages in the field of the discipline...), one is sustained that this solution, far from being discriminating risk, on the contrary, to be very damaging: far from solving the problems, one risks, while overlooking them, to produce a violent and unforeseeable return of it. It is about coming out of the confusion of the kinds and, thanks to the hold in account of the European reality, to open fertile tracks concerning devices of self-regulation concerning the respect of the deontology in congruence with our discipline.
Schneider (Benoßt). La formation en psychologie, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 71-80.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Nous prĂ©sentons les caractĂ©ristiques principales du modĂšle de formation universitaire Ă la profession de psychologue en France, et les problĂšmes posĂ©s par ce modĂšle (nombre dâÂĂ©tudiants, difficultĂ©s dâÂinsertion professionnelle, consĂ©quences sur la reconnaissance de la profession). Nous formulons, ensuite, quelques hypothĂšses, tant pour rendre compte des difficultĂ©s liĂ©es au changement que pour repĂ©rer des facteurs dâÂĂ©volution potentiels.
Title: The training of psychologists
Abstract : We show the main features to the training of the French psychologists and their difficulties raised (the number of students, lack of their professional fit; and its consequences on its professional acknowledgements). Afterwards, we will express several hypotheses of concerning as the difficulties of changing as of highlightening from the factors of the following evolution.
Jeoffrion (Christine), Clarys (David), Voisin (Dimitri), Abrivat (Elisabeth), Ernd (Aline). La validation des acquis de LâexpĂ©rience en psychologie : des enjeux aux propositions, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 81-86.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Cet article rend compte du symposium organisĂ© par la commission pĂ©dagogique de LâAssociation des enseignants-chercheurs en psychologie des universitĂ©s (AEPU), lors des DeuxiĂšmes entretiens organisĂ©s par la FĂ©dĂ©ration française des psychologues et de psychologie (FFPP), en novembre 2006. Il traite de la mise en place de la validation des acquis de LâexpĂ©rience (VAE) en psychologie. La premiĂšre partie en prĂ©sente le cadre gĂ©nĂ©ral et les enjeux particuliers en psychologie. La deuxiĂšme partie expose quelques difficultĂ©s concrĂštes Ă partir dâÂune illustration Ă LâuniversitĂ© de Tours. La troisiĂšme partie prĂ©sente un rĂ©sumĂ© du rapport sur la VAE en psychologie, co-signĂ© par LâAEPU, la FFPP, la SociĂ©tĂ© française de psychologie et le Syndicat national des psychologues, ainsi que les travaux en cours sur le Master. On retiendra la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâÂune harmonisation des pratiques et des dĂ©cisions, au sein des universitĂ©s, pour Ă©viter une dĂ©valorisation des diplĂŽmes de psychologie.
Title: The Accreditation of Prior and Experential Learning (VAE) in Psychology : from stakes to proposals
Abstract : This article accounts for the symposium organized by the Teaching Commission of the AEPU (Association of the Teachers-researchers in Psychology of the Universities) during the 2nd Conference of the FPPP (French Federation of the Psychologists and Psychology, November 2006). It deals with installation of the VAE (Accreditation of Prior and Experiential Learning) in Psychology. The first part presents the general framework of the VAE, and the particular stakes related to the VAE in Psychology. The second part presents some concrete difficulties starting from an illustration at the university of Tours. The third part presents a summary of the report The Accreditation of Prior and Experiential Learning (VAE) in Psychology : from stakes to specific proposals, Co-signed by the AEPU, the FFPP, the SFP (French Society of Psychology) and the SNP (National Trade Union of the Psychologists), as well as the works in progress on Master. One will retain the need for a harmonization of the practices and decisions within the universities, with the risk of avoiding a devalorization of the diplomas of Psychology.
Grosbois (Philippe). RĂ©glementation du titre de psychothĂ©rapeute : analyse dâÂune imposture, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 87-96.
RĂ©sumĂ© : A partir dâÂune proposition de loi du dĂ©putĂ© Bernard Accoyer en 1999, aprĂšs de nombreux dĂ©bats, les parlementaires ont finalement adoptĂ© un article de loi relatif Ă Lâusage du titre de psychothĂ©rapeute. Plusieurs rĂ©unions de concertation, au ministĂšre de la SantĂ©, ont eu lieu Ă propos du contenu du futur dĂ©cret dâÂapplication de cette loi, sans aboutir, pour autant, Ă un consensus, car les intĂ©rĂȘts en jeu au niveau des acteurs concernĂ©s sont contradictoires : dâÂune part, deux professions rĂ©glementĂ©es, les psychologues et les mĂ©decins, dâÂautre part, deux types dâÂactivitĂ© non rĂ©glementĂ©es, les psychanalystes et les psychothĂ©rapeutes non-mĂ©decins et non-psychologues. Ces derniers revendiquent la crĂ©ation dâÂune nouvelle profession indĂ©pendante de psychothĂ©rapeute , et contestent la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâÂune formation universitaire de base, soutenus par une minoritĂ© des sociĂ©tĂ©s de psychanalyse. Les divergences portent donc, essentiellement, sur la diffĂ©rence dâÂapprĂ©ciation des critĂšres de formation en psychopathologie exigĂ©s par la loi, certaines organisations contestant que cette formation soit le monopole des universitĂ©s. Une autre ambiguĂâtĂ© porte sur le fait que la loi fait Lâimpasse sur la formation Ă la psychothĂ©rapie proprement dite, le SĂ©nat ayant optĂ© pour Lâexigence minimale dâÂune formation en psychopathologie. Le prĂ©sent article a pour objet de revenir sur les stratĂ©gies des acteurs qui se sont mobilisĂ©s lors des versions successives de cette proposition de loi, et de proposer quelques repĂšres quant aux positions idĂ©ologiques sous-tendues par ces stratĂ©gies.
Title: Regulation of psychotherapistâs title: the analysis of an imposture
Abstract : From a law proposal of the deputy Bernard Accoyer in 1999, after many debates, the two chambers finally adopted a law article on use of psychotherapist title. Several consultation meetings with professional organizations in the Health Ministry took place about its future application decree, nevertheless without a consensus because of the contradictory interests for people practicing psychotherapy. From one side, two regulated professions ñ psychologists and physicians ñ and two types of non-regulated activities, psychoanalysts and psychotherapists which are not physicians and not psychologists. These last ones defend the creation of a new independant profession of psychotherapist and question the relevance of a basic university training, supported by a minority part of psychoanalysis societies. The opinion differences are focused on the training criteria in psychopathology required by the law, some organizations disputing that this training be a university monopoly. Another ambiguity deals with the law gives a miss about the actual psychotherapy training, the Senate having chosen for the minimum requirement of a psychopathology training. The aim of this paper is to come back on the strategies of actors mobilized during the different drafts of this law proposal and to propose some landmarks about the ideological positions underlying by these strategies.
Santiago (Marie). Recherche en psychologie et turbulences paradigmatiques, Bulletin
de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 97-102.
RĂ©sumĂ© : De nombreux auteurs ont commentĂ© les crises de la psychologie tout au long de son histoire. Actuellement, ces dĂ©bats sont illustrĂ©s par Lâopposition de deux paradigmes majeurs de la psychologie : positiviste-nĂ©opositiviste vs. subjectiviste-constructiviste. Lâauteur prĂ©sente les caractĂ©ristiques de ces deux grands paradigmes. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, il expose les tentatives actuelles pour faire face Ă ces diffĂ©rences paradigmatiques : les dĂ©bats mĂ©thodologiques, les positionnements thĂ©oriques et Ă©pistĂ©mologiques, nouveaux objets de la psychologie. Il conclut en soulignant les limites de ces tentatives et les risques dâÂune absence de dĂ©finition claire de Lâobjet de la psychologie.
Title: Paradigmatic turmoils in psychological research
Abstract : Many authors commented on crises of psychology throughout its history. Currently, these debates are illustrated by the opposition of two major paradigms of psychology: positivist-neopositivist vs. subjectivist-constructivist. The author shows the characteristics of these two great paradigms. Then she exposes the current attempts to face these paradigmatic differences: methodological debates, theoretical and epistemological positionings, news objects of psychology. She concludes by underlining the limits of these attempts and the risks of the lack of clear definition of psychologyâs object.
recherches
Balez (Ralph). Retour sur le contexte : les artefacts liĂ©s Ă Lâinfluence du cadre institutionnel, des attentes du psychologue et des participants, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 103-108.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Quand le psychologue intervient dans un cadre institutionnel spĂ©cifique pour valider des hypothĂšses, il est porteur dâÂune attente thĂ©orique. La relation chercheur/participant est une interaction susceptible de relayer Lâeffet du contexte, des attentes du chercheur et du participant, et de produire des artefacts. Ces phĂ©nomĂšnes relĂšvent du champ du biais expĂ©rimentateur , de Lâeffet dâÂattente ou effet Pygmalion (Rosenthal, Jacobson, 1968). Cette relation, qui sâinstaure entre un psychologue et un rĂ©pondant, implique des motivations spĂ©cifiques et un cadre institutionnel qui peuvent conduire Ă une validation artificielle des hypothĂšses. Nous illustrons ici cette problĂ©matique, puis nous exposons des applications qui visent Ă prendre en compte ces phĂ©nomĂšnes. Elles sâappliquent Ă toute situation dâÂinteraction entre un chercheur/praticien/intervenant et un participant/patient.
Title: On the return from context : artifacts connected to the influence of an institutional framework and the expectations of the psychologist and the participants
Abstract : When a psychologist intervenes in a specific institutional setting to validate a hypothesis, s/he carries some theoretical expectations. The relationship between a researcher and a participant in a study is an interaction that is susceptible to convey the contextâs effect and the researcher and participantsâ expectations. These phenomena are referred to as the experimenterâs bias, the expectations effect or the Pygmalion effect (Rosenthal, Jacobson, 1968). The relationship established between a psychologist and a participant implies some specific biased motivations, that could lead to the artificial validation of a hypothesis. We examine this problematic by using specific examples. As a result, we suggest some basic precautions to limit the effects of this problem. These propositions can be applied to all the interactional situations between a researcher, therapists, observers and a participant/patient.
Lestage (Philippe). Francisco Varela : de la neurobiologie au spiritualisme ?, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 109-113.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Francisco Varela a Ă©laborĂ©, dans le champ des sciences cognitives, le paradigme de Lâ Ă©naction , recouvrant de nombreux domaines comme la neurobiologie, les modĂšles dynamiques non linĂ©aires, la phĂ©nomĂ©nologie et la tradition bouddhiste. Quel est le sens de sa rĂ©fĂ©rence au bouddhisme, relĂšve-t-elle dâÂune orientation spiritualiste ? Dans cet article nous examinons dâÂabord la rĂ©fĂ©rence de Varela Ă Lâ Abhidharma dans son approche de la conscience (Ă©cole bouddhique indienne Vaibhasika ). Nous prĂ©sentons ensuite sa critique du spiritualisme de LâĂ©cole ultĂ©rieure Yogacara-Cittamatra . Abordant, enfin, la partie plus complexe des liens entre sa science cognitive et LâĂ©cole Madhyamika , autour de la notion de sunyata , nous aboutissons au projet de neurophĂ©nomĂ©nologie engagĂ© en 1996.
Title: Francisco Varela : from neurobiology towards spiritualism ?
Abstract : In the field of cognitive science, neurobiologist Francisco Varela has developed the paradigm of enaction, a theory which draws upon several disciplines including neurobiology, nonlinear dynamical models, phenomenology and Buddhist tradition. How are we to interpret his investigation into Buddhism, does it reveal an inquiry into spirituality ? In this paper, we examine first Varelaâs reference to Abhidharma and his approach to consciousness (related to the Indian Buddhist School Vaibhasika). We then present his critique of the spiritualism of the later Yogacara-Cittamatra school. And finally we examine the more complex links which exist between his cognitive science and the Madhyamika school together with the notion of sunyata ; this investigation culminates in a study of his neurophenomenology project started in 1996.
Petitmengin (Claire). DĂ©couvrir la dynamique de LâexpĂ©rience vĂ©cue, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 114-118.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Contrairement Ă une croyance largement rĂ©pandue, LâaccĂšs Ă la conscience de sa propre expĂ©rience subjective nâest ni immĂ©diat ni facile, mais suppose une vĂ©ritable expertise qui sâapprend. Un tel entraĂźnement permet de dĂ©couvrir que LâexpĂ©rience vĂ©cue, associĂ©e Ă la rĂ©alisation dâÂun processus cognitif donnĂ©, loin dâÂĂȘtre un brouillon, possĂšde une structure dynamique trĂšs prĂ©cise : elle est constituĂ©e dâÂune succession dĂ©terminĂ©e de sensations et dâÂopĂ©rations, qui restent habituellement prĂ©-rĂ©flĂ©chies. Par les possibilitĂ©s de transformation quâÂelle ouvre, la prise de conscience de cette micro-dynamique crĂ©e des perspectives inattendues dans les domaines mĂ©dical, thĂ©rapeutique et existentiel. Mais surtout, parce quâÂelle permet de guider et dâÂaffiner les analyses neurophysiologiques, cette prise de conscience annonce la levĂ©e dâÂun interdit : celui qui excluait jusquâÂĂ prĂ©sent LâexpĂ©rience vĂ©cue du champ de Lâinvestigation scientifique.
Title: Discovering the dynamic structure of lived experience
Abstract : Contrary to a widespread belief, becoming aware of oneâs lived experience is neither immediate nor easy, but supposes a real expertise which has to be learnt. Such training enables us to discover that lived experience associated to the realization of a given cognitive process, far from being a first draft, has a very precise dynamic structure : it is constituted of a definite succession of sensations and operations that remains usually pre-reflective. Becoming aware of this dynamic structure opens up highly promising paths for transforming our experience in the medical, therapeutic and existential fields. This awareness mostly enables researchers to refine neurophysiological analysis, announcing the lifting of the ban that until now excluded subjective experience from the field of scientific investigation.
Sander (Emmanuel). Manipuler Lâhabillage dâÂun problĂšme pour Ă©valuer les apprentissages, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 119-124.
RĂ©sumĂ© : La rĂ©solution dâÂun problĂšme ne dĂ©pend pas de sa seule structure formelle mais aussi de son interprĂ©tation, influencĂ©e par les connaissances relatives aux entitĂ©s incarnant le problĂšme. Trois notions permettent la prise en compte de ce phĂ©nomĂšne pour LâĂ©valuation des apprentissages : structure profonde (traits pertinents pour un expert), habillage (traits non pertinents pour un expert) et structure sĂ©mantique (abstraction relationnelle amorcĂ©e par Lâhabillage). Une conceptualisation inadĂ©quate peut ĂȘtre associĂ©e Ă des performances Ă©levĂ©es lorsque les structures sĂ©mantique et profonde coĂâncident, alors quâÂune manipulation de Lâhabillage les dissociant permet de distinguer les reconnaissances de la structure profonde de cas reposant sur des indices contingents. Des rĂ©sultats montrent que ce phĂ©nomĂšne trĂšs robuste influence Ă©galement des adultes universitaires dans des situations apparemment Ă©lĂ©mentaires.
Title: Manipulating findings on a problem for assessing learning
Abstract : Problem solving does not only depend on the problemâs formal structure, but also on how the problem is interpreted, which is influenced by the subjectâs knowledge related to the elements of the problem. We introduce three notions to show the implications of this phenomenon for the evaluation of learning : deep structure (relevant features for an expert), findings (non relevant features for an expert) and semantic structure (relational abstraction induced by the surface features). An irrelevant conceptualisation is compatible with high performances when semantic and deep structure coincide, whereas manipulating on findings while dissociating them makes it possible to distinguish between identification of deep structure and reliance on contingent cues. Some results show this phenomenon to be very robust and even influences the university graduates adults solving elementary problems.
Gilles (Pierre Yves). LâĂ©valuation de Lâintelligence et ses relations avec la personnalitĂ©, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 125-129.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Les relations entre Lâintelligence et la personnalitĂ© ont fait Lâobjet dâÂun nombre important de travaux ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats de trois courants de recherche sont prĂ©sentĂ©s ici : (1) corrĂ©lations entre ces deux types de dimensions ; (2) prise en compte dâÂauto-Ă©valuation de Lâintelligence et de la personnalitĂ©, comme variables intermĂ©diaires ; (3) analyse de processus sous jacents Ă Lâintelligence et Ă la personnalitĂ©, et Ă leurs relations. Ces recherches contribuent Ă prĂ©ciser ce quâÂĂ©valuent les tests dâÂintelligence et Ă amĂ©liorer leur utilisation sur le terrain.
Title: Intelligence assessment and intelligence-personality relationships
Abstract : A lot of researches have been made for the last years about the links between intelligence and personality. The results of three different approaches are presented here : (1) the correlations between intelligence and personality ; (2) the role of self-evaluation of intelligence and personality ; (3) process analysis underlying intelligence, personality, and their relationships. These researches contribute to precise what intelligence tests measure and to improve their practical use of them.
Weismann-Arcache (Catherine). Le WISC IV Ă LâĂ©preuve de la clinique. Nouvelle lecture illustrĂ©e par le haut potentiel et la dyspraxie, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 130-133.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Le WISC IV appartient bien au siĂšcle de Lâimage et de la vitesse des transmissions. Les indices de raisonnement perceptif, de vitesse de traitement, ou encore de mĂ©moire de travail, y occupent une place tout aussi importante que Lâindice de comprĂ©hension verbale. Langage et manipulation passent ainsi au second rang, ce qui interroge sur la possibilitĂ© dâÂutiliser les rĂ©fĂ©rents Ă©pistĂ©mologiques de la psychologie clinique : de Lâimage du corps au discours du sujet, comment rendre compte de la dynamique pulsionnelle et dĂ©fensive qui sous-tend toute forme dâÂopĂ©ration mentale chez LâĂȘtre humain ? A la suite dâÂune rĂ©flexion critique sur cet outil, nous proposons une tentative dâÂanalyse clinique comparative, entre les indices du WISC IV et ceux du WISC III, fondĂ©e sur notre expĂ©rience auprĂšs de sujets dyspraxiques et/ou Ă haut potentiel.
Title: WISC IV and clinical psychology. New reading illustrated by high potential and dyspraxia
Abstract : WISC IV belongs really to century of image and speed of transmissions. Indications of perceptive reasoning, speed of treatment, or working memory occupy as important place as the indices of verbal understanding. Language and manipulation so pass in second rank, what asking about the opportunity of using how clinical psychology refers on the epistemological concept : from body image to subject language, how to report impulsive and defensive dynamics which underlies any mental operation on a human being ? Following a critical reflection on this tool, we propose a comparative clinical analysis between the indications about WISC IV and those about WISC III, based on our experience with dyspraxia and\or in high potential subjects.
Pereira-Fradin (Maria), Damiani (Carole). Švaluation psychométrique des troubles post-traumatiques, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60 (), N°Hors série, 2007, p. 134-140.
RĂ©sumĂ© : La mesure du traumatisme psychique est liĂ©e Ă sa dĂ©finition et Ă son rĂ©fĂ©rentiel thĂ©orique. De nombreux questionnaires ont Ă©tĂ© construits dans les pays anglo-saxons, mais ils se rĂ©fĂšrent quasi exclusivement Ă la nosographie du DSM IV, qui ne prend pas en compte Lâensemble des manifestations psychotraumatiques telles que les rĂ©actions dĂ©pressives ou psychosomatiques, les troubles de la conduite, ni le vĂ©cu traumatique. Ils font gĂ©nĂ©ralement Lâimpasse sur le dĂ©lai dâÂapparition et la durĂ©e des troubles, et ne distinguent pas rĂ©actions immĂ©diates et Ă long terme. Ces faiblesses nous ont conduit Ă proposer une Ă©chelle plus complĂšte dans sa conception du syndrome psychotraumatique. Le TRAUMAQ a fait Lâobjet dâÂune Ă©tude psychomĂ©trique sur 141 victimes. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent que la consistance interne ainsi que la validitĂ© convergente de ce questionnaire sont tout Ă fait satisfaisantes. Ce questionnaire peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par les praticiens pour aider au diagnostic et par les chercheurs qui souhaitent une information complĂšte.
Title: Psychometric assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder
Abstract : The measurement of the psychic traumatism is related to its definition and its theoretical reference basis. Many questionnaires can be used but most of them refer almost only to the nosography of the DSM IV which does not take into account whole psychotraumatic demonstrations such as depressive or psychosomatic reactions or control disorders. They also usually ignore information such as the time before appearance and the duration of the disorders, and do not distinguish immediate reactions from long-term reactions. These weaknesses led us to propose the TRAUMAQ which is a more complete scale in its conception of the psychotraumatic syndrome. We conducted a psychometric study on 141 victims and the results show that this questionnaire have a good consistency and a good convergent validity, measured with the Horowitzâs scale. This questionnaire can be used by experts to contribute to the diagnosis and by researchers who need complete informations.
Guette-Marty (Marie-Claude). Des groupes de parole pour les familles dâÂaccueil, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 141-144.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Ce tĂ©moignage concerne une expĂ©rience clinique de groupes de parole, proposĂ©s depuis cinq ans Ă des assistants familiaux. AnimĂ©s par un psychologue, ces groupes ont pour vocation dâÂoffrir un espace dâÂĂ©coute, de communication et dâÂĂ©laboration dans le respect dâÂune confidentialitĂ©. Dans la rĂ©flexion, sont abordĂ©s la modification rĂ©cente de la profession dâÂassistant familial, les spĂ©cificitĂ©s de la fonction dâÂaccueillant et le fonctionnement dâÂun groupe de parole Ă travers son cadre, ses objectifs et ses rĂšgles. Sont Ă©galement examinĂ©es les fonctions possibles de ces groupes ainsi que leurs limites. Enfin, un exemple de fil associatif suivi lors dâÂun groupe de parole est rapportĂ©.
Title: Talk groups for foster families
Abstract : This testimony concerns a clinical experiment of talk groups suggested for the last five years to family assistants. Conducted by a psychologist, these groups have offered from listening, interacting and development in the respect of confidentiality. Therefore, we approached the recent modification of family assistant occupation, the host function specificities and the operation of a talk group through its framework, its objectives and its rules. The possible functions of these groups and their limits are also examined. An example of the associative call followed at the time of a talk group is finally reported.
Thollon Behar (Marie Paule). La recherche au service de la pratique professionnelle : une recherche-action dans le domaine de la petite enfance, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors série, 2007, p. 145-148.
RĂ©sumĂ© : Nous pensons que des professionnels de la petite enfance, qui seront placĂ©s dans une position de chercheur, seront amenĂ©s Ă dĂ©passer les reprĂ©sentations et les impressions, parfois inexactes, quâÂils ont sur leur travail et de ses effets sur les enfants. dâÂun autre cĂŽtĂ©, les modifications qui seront engagĂ©es Ă partir de la recherche-action susciteront moins de rĂ©sistance au changement, dans la mesure oĂč elles sont issues dâÂun vĂ©ritable travail dâÂobservation et dâÂexpĂ©rimentation. La recherche a Ă©tĂ© conduite auprĂšs sept Ă©quipes dâÂun service de petite enfance, pendant une durĂ©e de trois ans. Les Ă©ducateurs ont construit, puis utilisĂ©, des outils mĂ©thodologiques ñ grilles dâÂobservation en particulier ñ, recueilli et analysĂ© les donnĂ©es. Ils ont ainsi pu Ă©valuer les effets des changements instaurĂ©s.
Title: A research-action to improve practices, in early childhood area
Abstract : We think that early childhood educators, placed in a position of researchers, will be brought to go beyond the representations and the impressions, sometimes wrong that they have about their work ant its effects on the children. The changes that are engaged from the action-research will draw less opposition against changes, because they are issued from a real work of observation and experimentation. The research has been conducted with seven teams of a early childhood structure, during three years. The educators have elaborated thereafter applied methodological tools (grid for observation for example), collected and analyzed the data, they were then able to evaluate effects of changes they established.
SaĂâas (Thomas). LâidentitĂ© du psychologue : de la confusion des genres Ă LâintĂ©gration des modĂšles. Lâapport du paradigme communautaire, Bulletin de psychologie, Tome 60, N°Hors sĂ©rie, 2007, p. 149-155.
RĂ©sumĂ© : La psychologie communautaire est un modĂšle Ă©tudiant les interactions sujet/environnement, sous-tendant la santĂ© mentale des individus et la croissance des communautĂ©s. Si sa contribution Ă LâĂ©laboration de modĂšles en santĂ© mentale est manifeste, depuis les annĂ©es soixante, dans diffĂ©rents contextes culturels, son apparition en France est toute rĂ©cente. La singularitĂ© de la discipline rĂ©side dans Lâergonomie de Lâintervention face Ă la spĂ©cificitĂ© des besoins en santĂ© mentale, dans le partenariat engagĂ© avec les bĂ©nĂ©ficiaires de Lâintervention et dans LâintĂ©rĂȘt portĂ© Ă leurs compĂ©tences plus quâÂĂ leurs symptĂŽmes. Lâaction communautaire trouve sa finalitĂ© dans des applications psychosociales : actions de promotion de la santĂ© mentale, de prĂ©vention ou encore dans LâĂ©laboration de politiques sanitaires et sociales.
Title: Integrating the models of psychologist identity : the community psychology paradigm
Abstract : The interest of community psychology is the interaction between the subjects and their environment, which is considered as being the basis for individual and community empowerment. Whereas its development is widespread since the 1960âs, it has only recently been developed in France. The specificity of community psychology lies in the adaptation of mental health interventions to the necessities of each population, in the proximity of the field professionals and in its rather positive than pathological conception of the individual. The applications of community intervention in psychology lie in the field of mental health promotion, mental health disorders prevention, and in social politics.
résumés des articles, abstracts remerciements